Analysis of merged questionnaires

1 Plan that I wrote with Richi’s comments

Link at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1bdNeOMAYY90k8FAbPRWGBgS1YBEdP09kP0vcW0tNgPc/edit?usp=sharing

2 Read in data

european <- read_csv("01-cleaning_data_data/european_recoded.csv")
australian <- read_csv("01-cleaning_data_data/australian_recoded.csv")
dim(european)

[1] 209 115

dim(australian)

[1] 269 146

european$EU <- 1
australian$AU <- 1
all <- merge(european,australian,all = TRUE)
table(all$EU,all$AU,useNA = "always")

      
         1 <NA>
  1      0  209
  <NA> 269    0

2.1 Variables to describe dataset (can be different between contexts)

demographics_var <- c("Age","Gender","L1","speak.other.L2","study.other.L2","origins","year.studyL2","other5.other.ways","degree","roleL2.degree","study.year","prof","L2.VCE","uni1.year","Context")
l2School <- "\\.L2school$"
l2School_variables <- colnames(all)[grep(l2School,colnames(all))]

• First language

#table(all$L1,all$Context) # too many levels - needs to be cleaned (ex tot number of languages?)
table(all$L1,useNA = "always")

         Afrikaans           Albanian            Burmese          Cantonese            Chinese           Croatian              Dutch 
                 1                  2                  1                  4                  7                  1                  1 
           English  English and Dutch             German German and English German and Turkish                  I         Indonesian 
               201                  2                 77                  2                  1                  1                  1 
           Italian           Japanese           Mandarin            Persian    Persian (Farsi)           Romanian            Russian 
                89                  1                  5                  1                  1                  3                  2 
            Sindhi             Slovak            Spanish            Turkish          Ukrainian               <NA> 
                 1                  1                  3                  1                  1                 67 

ggplot(all,aes(x=L1,fill=Context)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip() + ggtitle("First Language") + labs(y="N. of participants",x="")+theme_bw()

#table(all$speak.other.L2,all$Context)

L2 <- data.frame(Freq=table(all$speak.other.L2)[order(table(all$speak.other.L2),decreasing = TRUE)],
                 L2=names(table(all$speak.other.L2))[order(table(all$speak.other.L2),decreasing = TRUE)]) # too many levels - needs to be cleaned (ex tot number of languages?)
head(L2)

• origins

table(all$origins,useNA = "always")

  No  Yes <NA> 
 323   89   66 

table(all$year.studyL2)

                     0 years                   1- 3 years                    1-3 years                    4-6 years 
                          69                           12                           11                           61 
First year of primary school                 Kindergarten             Less than a year            more than 6 years 
                          80                           30                           27                           49 
                       Other 
                          72 

table(all$degree)

                    BA in Anglistik            BA in Nordamerikastudien                                 HUM 
                                 43                                   4                                 129 
                            HUM.SCI                                  LA      Lingue e letterature straniere 
                                  6                                  36                                  82 
Lingue, mercati e culture dell'Asia                                  QC                                 SCI 
                                 13                                   5                                  86 

• study.year in the European context is uni1.year in the Australian context

all$study.year[is.na(all$study.year)] <- all$uni1.year[is.na(all$study.year)]
#table(all$study.year)
all$study.year <- ifelse(all$study.year == "Already graduated after 5 semesters in March 2016, was interested in survery/study, sorry.","6th semester",all$study.year)
table(all$study.year)

      1st semester           1st year       2nd semester           2nd year       3rd semester           3rd year 3rd year of Master 
                72                255                  5                 37                  5                 20                  1 
 4th year bachelor       5th semester       6th semester           7th year             Master 
                 8                  2                  3                  1                  3 

• proficiency

table(all$prof,useNA = "always")

          Advanced         Elementary       Intermediate Upper-intermediate               <NA> 
                78                105                 84                146                 65 

3 Filter participants : keep only the ones that meet the inclusion criteria

all$study.year[is.na(all$study.year)] <- all$uni1.year[is.na(all$study.year)]
# Filter only subject that we want to include in the study
# names(table(all$study.year))[1] = 1st semester"
filtered <- subset(all, (study.year == "1st year") | (study.year == names(table(all$study.year))[1]) & year.studyL2 != "0 years")
table(filtered$Context)

  English in Germany     English in Italy  German in Australia Italian in Australia 
                  71                   91                   89                   75 

table(all$Context)

  English in Germany     English in Italy  German in Australia Italian in Australia 
                  96                  113                  146                  123 

4 Define demographic variables

4.1 Need to check datasets with Rcihi (why do we have QC in L1? Am I using not the latest dataset?)

all <- filtered
demographics_var <- c("Age","Gender","L1","speak.other.L2","study.other.L2","origins","year.studyL2","other5.other.ways","degree","roleL2.degree","study.year","prof","L2.VCE","uni1.year","Context")
l2School <- "\\.L2school$"
l2School_variables <- colnames(all)[grep(l2School,colnames(all))]
ggplot(all,aes(x=L1,fill=Context)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip() + ggtitle("First Language") + labs(y="N. of participants",x="") + theme_bw()

table(all$L1,all$Context)

                    
                     English in Germany English in Italy German in Australia Italian in Australia
  Afrikaans                           0                0                   1                    0
  Albanian                            0                1                   0                    0
  Cantonese                           0                0                   2                    0
  Chinese                             0                2                   2                    0
  Dutch                               1                0                   0                    0
  English                             1                0                  75                   73
  English and Dutch                   0                0                   2                    0
  German                             64                0                   0                    0
  German and English                  1                0                   1                    0
  I                                   0                0                   0                    1
  Indonesian                          0                0                   1                    0
  Italian                             0               87                   0                    0
  Japanese                            0                0                   1                    0
  Mandarin                            0                0                   1                    1
  Persian (Farsi)                     0                0                   1                    0
  Romanian                            0                0                   1                    0
  Russian                             2                0                   0                    0
  Sindhi                              0                0                   1                    0
  Spanish                             1                0                   0                    0
  Turkish                             1                0                   0                    0
  Ukrainian                           0                1                   0                    0

table(all$degree,all$L1)

                                     
                                      Afrikaans Albanian Cantonese Chinese Dutch English English and Dutch German German and English  I
  BA in Anglistik                             0        0         0       0     0       1                 0     34                  1  0
  BA in Nordamerikastudien                    0        0         0       0     0       0                 0      4                  0  0
  HUM                                         1        0         2       0     0      92                 1      0                  0  1
  HUM.SCI                                     0        0         0       0     0       5                 0      0                  0  0
  LA                                          0        0         0       0     1       0                 0     25                  0  0
  Lingue e letterature straniere              0        1         0       1     0       0                 0      0                  0  0
  Lingue, mercati e culture dell'Asia         0        0         0       1     0       0                 0      0                  0  0
  QC                                          0        0         0       0     0       4                 0      0                  0  0
  SCI                                         0        0         0       2     0      45                 1      0                  1  0
                                     
                                      Indonesian Italian Japanese Mandarin Persian (Farsi) Romanian Russian Sindhi Spanish Turkish Ukrainian
  BA in Anglistik                              0       0        0        0               0        0       2      0       1       0         0
  BA in Nordamerikastudien                     0       0        0        0               0        0       0      0       0       0         0
  HUM                                          0       0        0        0               0        0       0      0       0       0         0
  HUM.SCI                                      0       0        0        0               0        0       0      0       0       0         0
  LA                                           0       0        0        0               0        0       0      0       0       1         0
  Lingue e letterature straniere               0      75        0        0               0        0       0      0       0       0         1
  Lingue, mercati e culture dell'Asia          0      12        0        0               0        0       0      0       0       0         0
  QC                                           0       0        0        0               0        0       0      0       0       0         0
  SCI                                          1       0        1        2               1        1       0      1       0       0         0

• Check for L1 but we decided not to filter for it

#Filter by L1
nc <- names(table(all$Context))
table(all$Context)

  English in Germany     English in Italy  German in Australia Italian in Australia 
                  71                   91                   89                   75 

l1_filter <- all[(all$Context == nc[1] & (all$L1 == "German" | all$L1 == "German and English")) | 
                    (all$Context == nc[2] & (all$L1 == "Italian")) | 
                    (all$Context == nc[3] & (all$L1 == "English" | all$L1 == "English and Dutch" | all$L1 == "German and English")) |
                    (all$Context == nc[4] & (all$L1 == "English" | all$L1 == "English and Dutch" | all$L1 == "German and English")),]
#all <- l1_filter
# do not filter for L1
all <- all
# subset demographics
demo <- subset(all,select=c("Resp.ID",demographics_var,l2School_variables))
# Numeri finali
table(l1_filter$Context)

  English in Germany     English in Italy  German in Australia Italian in Australia 
                  65                   87                   78                   73 

table(all$Context)

  English in Germany     English in Italy  German in Australia Italian in Australia 
                  71                   91                   89                   75 

• Filter missing value:
• Filter participants who didn’t put the degree
• we don’t care about speak.other.L2 and study.other.L2

missing_bySample <- rowSums(is.na(demo))
names(missing_bySample) <- demo$Resp.ID
missing_byVar <- colSums(is.na(demo))
names(missing_byVar) <- colnames(demo)
barplot(missing_bySample)

d <- data.frame(miss=missing_byVar)
d$varID <- rownames(d)
ggplot(data=d,aes(x=varID,y=miss)) + geom_bar(stat="identity") + theme_bw() +theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)) 

demo_missing <- demo %>% group_by(Context) %>% summarise(roleL2.degree_na = sum(is.na(roleL2.degree)),
                                                         L2.VCE_na = sum(is.na(L2.VCE)),
                                                         other5.other.ways_na=sum(is.na(other5.other.ways )),
                                                         uni1.year_na = sum(is.na(uni1.year)),
                                                         primary1.L2school_na=sum(is.na(primary1.L2school)),
                                                         CLS3.L2school_na = sum(is.na(CLS3.L2school)),
                                                         VSL4.L2school_na=sum(is.na(VSL4.L2school)),
                                                         degree = sum(is.na(degree)),
                                                         schooL2country5.L2school_na=sum(is.na(schooL2country5.L2school)))
# We do not filter for speak.other.L2 or study.other.L2
#demo[is.na(demo$speak.other.L2),]
# teniamo
#demo[is.na(demo$study.other.L2),]
missing_bySample[names(missing_bySample) == "5166861581"]

5166861581 
        10 

#demo[is.na(demo$year.studyL2),]
missing_bySample[names(missing_bySample) == "5378798787"]

5378798787 
         3 

# remove NA from degree
#table(demo$degree,useNA = "always")
# Remove people
all <- all[!is.na(all$degree),]
table(all$Context)

  English in Germany     English in Italy  German in Australia Italian in Australia 
                  70                   91                   88                   74 

4.2 Write filtered and merged dataset

write.csv(all,file.path("02-descriptive_data/context-merged_filtered.csv"))

4.3 Descriptive plots and tables

• Summary demographics TO DO: - to change yearL2.study.richi

# add numbers on the bar
# tabAge <- t(table(all$Age,all$Context))
# ggplot(all,aes(x=Age,fill=Context)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white")   + labs(y="N participants") + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,90,10),limits=c(0,90)) + theme_bw() + draw_grob(tableGrob(tabAge), x=2.5, y=40, width=0.3, height=0.4) + ggtitle("Participants by age")
# tabAge
tabAge <- t(table(all$Age,all$Context))
ggdf <- data.frame(Age = rep(colnames(tabAge),each=4)[!(as.numeric(tabAge) == 0)],
  N.Participants = as.numeric(tabAge)[!(as.numeric(tabAge) == 0)],
  Context = rep(rownames(tabAge),times=3)[!(as.numeric(tabAge) == 0)])
ggplot(ggdf,aes(x=Age,y=N.Participants,fill=Context)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white",stat="identity")  + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,90,10),limits=c(0,90)) + theme_bw() + ggtitle("Participants by age")+
  geom_text(aes(label = N.Participants), hjust=0.5, vjust=-0.25, size = 2.5,position=position_dodge(width=0.9)) 

# add numbers on the bar
tabAge <- t(table(all$Gender,all$Context))
ggdf <- data.frame(Gender = rep(colnames(tabAge),each=4)[!(as.numeric(tabAge) == 0)],
  N.Participants = as.numeric(tabAge)[!(as.numeric(tabAge) == 0)],
  Context = rep(rownames(tabAge),times=3)[!(as.numeric(tabAge) == 0)])
ggplot(ggdf,aes(x=Gender,y=N.Participants,fill=Context)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white",stat="identity")  + labs(y="N participants") + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,90,10),limits=c(0,90)) + theme_bw() + ggtitle("Participants by gender")+  geom_text(aes(label = N.Participants), hjust=0.5, vjust=-0.25, size = 2.5,position=position_dodge(width=0.9)) 

# add numbers on the bar
tabAge <- t(table(all$origins,all$Context))
ggplot(all,aes(x=origins,fill=Context)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white") + ggtitle("Origins by context") + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,90,10),limits=c(0,90)) + theme_bw() + draw_grob(tableGrob(tabAge), x=2, y=60, width=0.3, height=0.4) + ggtitle("Participants by origins")

tabAge

                      
                       No Yes
  English in Germany   65   5
  English in Italy     90   1
  German in Australia  63  25
  Italian in Australia 36  38

• proficiency

tabAge <- t(table(all$prof,all$Context))
ggplot(all,aes(x=Context,fill=prof)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white") + ggtitle("Proficiency by context") + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,90,10),limits=c(0,90)) + theme_bw() + draw_grob(tableGrob(tabAge), x=2, y=80, width=0.3, height=0.4)

tabAge

                      
                       Advanced Elementary Intermediate Upper-intermediate
  English in Germany         38          0            5                 27
  English in Italy           23          2            9                 57
  German in Australia         4         32           25                 27
  Italian in Australia        0         29           29                 16

• L2.VCE

tabAge <- t(table(all[all$Context != "English in Germany" & all$Context != "English in Italy","L2.VCE"],all[all$Context != "English in Germany" & all$Context != "English in Italy",'Context'],useNA = "always"))
tabAge <- tabAge[-3,]
ggplot(all[all$Context != "English in Germany" & all$Context != "English in Italy",],aes(x=Context,fill=L2.VCE)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white") + ggtitle("L2.VCE by context") + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0,90,10),limits=c(0,90)) + theme_bw() + draw_grob(tableGrob(tabAge), x=2, y=80, width=0.3, height=0.4)

• da mettere a posto con Richi

# year study L2
table(all$year.studyL2,all$other.year.studyL2.richi)

                              
                               BILINGUAL FIRST.YEAR.SECONDARY FOURTH.YEAR.PRIMARY LOWER.SECONDARY PERSONAL SECOND.YEAR.PRIMARY
  0 years                              0                    0                   0               0        0                   0
  1- 3 years                           0                    0                   0               0        0                   0
  1-3 years                            0                    0                   0               0        0                   0
  4-6 years                            0                    0                   0               0        0                   0
  First year of primary school         0                    0                   0               0        0                   0
  Kindergarten                         0                    0                   0               0        0                   0
  Less than a year                     0                    0                   0               0        0                   0
  more than 6 years                    0                    0                   0               0        0                   0
  Other                                4                   10                   5               4        2                   2
                              
                               SECOND.YEAR.SECONDARY THIRD.YEAR.PRIMARY
  0 years                                          0                  0
  1- 3 years                                       0                  0
  1-3 years                                        0                  0
  4-6 years                                        0                  0
  First year of primary school                     0                  0
  Kindergarten                                     0                  0
  Less than a year                                 0                  0
  more than 6 years                                0                  0
  Other                                            2                 28

all$year.studyL2 <- ifelse(all$year.studyL2 == "Other",all$other.year.studyL2.richi,all$year.studyL2 )
# European context
ggplot(all[all$Context == "English in Germany" | all$Context == "English in Italy",],aes(x=degree,fill=year.studyL2)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white") + theme_bw() + ggtitle("Degree by study year L2, by Context") +  facet_grid(~Context,scales="free") + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)) + labs(y = "N participants", x = "degree")

• Degree of enrolment

# Australian context
tabAge <- t(table(all[all$Context == "Italian in Australia" | all$Context == "German in Australia",'degree'],all[all$Context == "Italian in Australia" | all$Context == "German in Australia",'Context']))
ggplot(all[all$Context == "Italian in Australia" | all$Context == "German in Australia",],aes(x=Context,fill=degree)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white") + theme_bw() + ggtitle("Degree in Australian Contexts") + draw_grob(tableGrob(tabAge), x=1., y=40, width=0.3, height=0.4)

tabAge

                      
                       HUM HUM.SCI QC SCI
  German in Australia   47       3  4  34
  Italian in Australia  50       2  0  22

# Australian context
tabAge <- t(table(all[all$Context == "English in Italy" | all$Context == "English in Germany",'degree'],all[all$Context == "English in Italy" | all$Context == "English in Germany",'Context']))
ggplot(all[all$Context == "English in Italy" | all$Context == "English in Germany",],aes(x=Context,fill=degree)) + geom_bar(position="dodge",colour="white") + theme_bw() + ggtitle("Degree in European Contexts")

tabAge

                    
                     BA in Anglistik BA in Nordamerikastudien LA Lingue e letterature straniere Lingue, mercati e culture dell'Asia
  English in Germany              39                        4 27                              0                                   0
  English in Italy                 0                        0  0                             78                                  13

5 Likert scales

• scala di blues e strongly disagree in un colore completamente diverso

all_melt <- melt(all,id.vars = c("Resp.ID","Gender","Age","prof","Context","study.year"),
                        measure.vars = likert_variables_all)
all_melt$value <- factor(all_melt$value,levels=c("Strongly disagree","Disagree","Not sure","Agree","Strongly agree"))
all_melt <- all_melt %>% separate(variable,into=c("item","type"),sep="\\.",remove=FALSE)

Too few values at 646 locations: 9368, 9369, 9370, 9371, 9372, 9373, 9374, 9375, 9376, 9377, 9378, 9379, 9380, 9381, 9382, 9383, 9384, 9385, 9386, 9387, ...

ggplot(all_melt,aes(x=variable,fill=value)) + geom_bar(position = "stack",colour="black") + 
  facet_grid(Context~type,scales = "free")+theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1),axis.text=element_text(size=8)) + ggtitle("Filtered dataset") + scale_fill_manual(values=c("#ca0020","#f4a582","#ffffbf","#abd9e9","#2c7bb6","grey"))

filt_sum <- all_melt %>% group_by(Context,variable,type,value) %>% dplyr::summarise(Ngroup=length(value))
ggplot(filt_sum,aes(x=value,y=Ngroup,colour=Context,group=interaction(variable, Context))) + geom_line() + geom_point() + facet_wrap(~type,scales = "free")+theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))

• Convert Likert scales to numbers

convertToNumber <- function(column){
  column <- factor(column,levels = c("Strongly disagree","Disagree","Not sure","Agree","Strongly agree"))
  column_number <- as.numeric(column)
  return(column_number)
}
table(all$Context)

  English in Germany     English in Italy  German in Australia Italian in Australia 
                  70                   91                   88                   74 

convert_likert <- data.frame(apply(subset(all,select=likert_variables_all),2,convertToNumber))
colnames(convert_likert) <- paste0(colnames(convert_likert),"1")
likert_variables1 <- paste0(likert_variables_all,"1")
# join the converted variables to the filtered dataset
filtered_conv <- cbind(all,convert_likert)
table(filtered_conv[,likert_variables_all[4]],filtered_conv[,likert_variables1[4]],useNA = "always")

                   
                      1   2   3   4   5 <NA>
  Agree               0   0   0 121   0    0
  Disagree            0  10   0   0   0    0
  Not sure            0   0  39   0   0    0
  Strongly agree      0   0   0   0 152    0
  Strongly disagree   1   0   0   0   0    0
  <NA>                0   0   0   0   0    0

write.csv(filtered_conv,"02-descriptive_data/merged_filtered_likertNumber.csv",row.names = FALSE)

6 Correlation plot of items by context

6.1 Italian in Australia

cov <- cor(filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "Italian in Australia",likert_variables1[!(likert_variables1 %in% "necessity1")]],method = "pearson",use="pairwise.complete.obs")
row_infos <- data.frame(Variables=sapply(strsplit(colnames(cov),split="\\."),function(x) x[2]))
row_infos$Variables <- as.character(row_infos$Variables)
rownames(row_infos) <- rownames(cov)
row_infos$Variables[which(is.na(row_infos$Variables))] <- c("educated")
row_infos <- row_infos[order(row_infos$Variables),,drop=FALSE]
ann_col_wide <- data.frame(Variable=unique(row_infos$Variables))
ann_colors_wide <- list(Variables=c(comm1="#bd0026",educated="#b35806", id1="#f6e8c3",instru1="#35978f",integr1="#386cb0",intr1="#ffff99",ought1="grey",post1="black",prof1="pink"))
#pheatmap(cov, main = "Italian in Australia",annotation_names_row = FALSE,cluster_cols=TRUE,cluster_rows=TRUE,annotation_col = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE], annotation_row = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE],  annotation_colors = ann_colors_wide,breaks=seq(-1,1,0.2),col=c("#67001f","#b2182b","#d6604d","#f4a582","#fddbc7","#f7f7f7","#d1e5f0","#92c5de","#4393c3","#2166ac","#053061"),show_colnames = FALSE,width = 7,height = 7)
###################
diag(cov) <- NA
pheatmap(cov, main = "Italian in Australia",annotation_names_row = FALSE,cluster_cols=TRUE,cluster_rows=TRUE,annotation_col = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE], annotation_row = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE]
,  annotation_colors = ann_colors_wide,show_colnames = FALSE,breaks = seq(-0.6,0.7,length.out = 50),width = 7,height = 7,color=colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(n = 7, name = "RdBu"))(50))

6.2 German in Australia

cov <- cor(filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "German in Australia",likert_variables1[!(likert_variables1 %in% "necessity1")]],method = "pearson",use="pairwise.complete.obs")
row_infos <- data.frame(Variables=sapply(strsplit(colnames(cov),split="\\."),function(x) x[2]))
row_infos$Variables <- as.character(row_infos$Variables)
rownames(row_infos) <- rownames(cov)
row_infos$Variables[which(is.na(row_infos$Variables))] <- c("educated")
row_infos <- row_infos[order(row_infos$Variables),,drop=FALSE]
ann_col_wide <- data.frame(Variable=unique(row_infos$Variables))
ann_colors_wide <- list(Variables=c(comm1="#bd0026",educated="#b35806", id1="#f6e8c3",instru1="#35978f",integr1="#386cb0",intr1="#ffff99",ought1="grey",post1="black",prof1="pink"))
diag(cov) <- NA
pheatmap(cov, main = "German in Australia",annotation_names_row = FALSE,cluster_cols=TRUE,cluster_rows=TRUE,annotation_col = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE], annotation_row = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE]
,  annotation_colors = ann_colors_wide,show_colnames = FALSE,breaks = seq(-0.6,0.7,length.out = 50),width = 7,height = 7,color=colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(n = 7, name = "RdBu"))(50))

6.3 English in Germany

cov <- cor(filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "English in Germany",likert_variables1[!(likert_variables1 %in% c("reconnect.comm1",    "speakersmelb.comm1","comecloser.comm1","educated1"))]],method = "pearson",use="pairwise.complete.obs")
row_infos <- data.frame(Variables=sapply(strsplit(colnames(cov),split="\\."),function(x) x[2]))
row_infos$Variables <- as.character(row_infos$Variables)
rownames(row_infos) <- rownames(cov)
row_infos$Variables[which(is.na(row_infos$Variables))] <- c("necessity")
row_infos <- row_infos[order(row_infos$Variables),,drop=FALSE]
ann_col_wide <- data.frame(Variable=unique(row_infos$Variables))
ann_colors_wide <- list(Variables=c(id1="#f6e8c3",necessity="#b35806",instru1="#35978f",integr1="#386cb0",intr1="#ffff99",ought1="grey",post1="black",prof1="pink"))
diag(cov) <- NA
pheatmap(cov, main = "English in Germany",annotation_names_row = FALSE,cluster_cols=TRUE,cluster_rows=TRUE,annotation_col = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE], annotation_row = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE]
,  annotation_colors = ann_colors_wide,show_colnames = FALSE,breaks = seq(-0.6,0.7,length.out = 50),width = 7,height = 7,color=colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(n = 7, name = "RdBu"))(50))

6.4 English in Italy

cov <- cor(filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "English in Italy",likert_variables1[!(likert_variables1 %in% c("reconnect.comm1","speakersmelb.comm1","comecloser.comm1","educated1"))]],method = "pearson",use="pairwise.complete.obs")
row_infos <- data.frame(Variables=sapply(strsplit(colnames(cov),split="\\."),function(x) x[2]))
row_infos$Variables <- as.character(row_infos$Variables)
rownames(row_infos) <- rownames(cov)
row_infos$Variables[which(is.na(row_infos$Variables))] <- "necessity"
row_infos <- row_infos[order(row_infos$Variables),,drop=FALSE]
ann_col_wide <- data.frame(Variable=unique(row_infos$Variables))
ann_colors_wide <- list(Variables=c(comm1="#bd0026",necessity="#b35806", id1="#f6e8c3",instru1="#35978f",integr1="#386cb0",intr1="#ffff99",ought1="grey",post1="black",prof1="pink"))
diag(cov) <- NA
pheatmap(cov, main = "English in Italy",annotation_names_row = FALSE,cluster_cols=TRUE,cluster_rows=TRUE,annotation_col = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE], annotation_row = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE]
,  annotation_colors = ann_colors_wide,show_colnames = FALSE,breaks = seq(-0.6,0.7,length.out = 50),width = 7,height = 7,color=colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(n = 7, name = "RdBu"))(50))

6.5 All context together

cov <- cor(filtered_conv[,likert_variables1],method = "pearson",use="pairwise.complete.obs")
row_infos <- data.frame(Variables=sapply(strsplit(colnames(cov),split="\\."),function(x) x[2]))
row_infos$Variables <- as.character(row_infos$Variables)
rownames(row_infos) <- rownames(cov)
row_infos$Variables[which(is.na(row_infos$Variables))] <- c("necessity","educated")
row_infos <- row_infos[order(row_infos$Variables),,drop=FALSE]
ann_col_wide <- data.frame(Variable=unique(row_infos$Variables))
ann_colors_wide <- list(Variables=c(comm1="#bd0026",educated="orange", id1="#f6e8c3",instru1="#35978f",necessity="#b35806",integr1="#386cb0",intr1="#ffff99",ought1="grey",post1="black",prof1="pink"))
diag(cov) <- NA
pheatmap(cov, main = "All Contexts",annotation_names_row = FALSE,cluster_cols=TRUE,cluster_rows=TRUE,annotation_col = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE], annotation_row = row_infos[,1,drop=FALSE]
,  annotation_colors = ann_colors_wide,show_colnames = FALSE,breaks = seq(-0.6,0.7,length.out = 50),width = 7,height = 7,color=colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(n = 7, name = "RdBu"))(50))

7 Evaluate internal consistency of known constructs with alpha

sets <- list(id.var=likert_variables1[grep("\\.id1$",likert_variables1)],
             ought.var=likert_variables1[grep("\\.ought1$",likert_variables1)],
             intr.var=likert_variables1[grep("\\.intr1$",likert_variables1)],
             instru.var=likert_variables1[grep("\\.instru1$",likert_variables1)],
             integr1.var=likert_variables1[grep("\\.integr1$",likert_variables1)],
             prof.var=likert_variables1[grep("\\.prof1$",likert_variables1)],
             post.var=likert_variables1[grep("\\.post1$",likert_variables1)],
             comm.var=likert_variables1[grep("\\.comm1$",likert_variables1)])
              
get_alpha <- function(dataMot,
                      var=sets$id.var){
  var_alpha <- alpha(dataMot[,var])
  dataf <- data.frame(alpha=var_alpha$total,
                    drop = var_alpha$alpha.drop)
  rownames(dataf) <- rownames(var_alpha$alpha.drop)
  return(dataf)
}
# "Italian in Australia"
ita_in_au <- do.call(rbind,lapply(sets,function(x) {
  get_alpha(data=filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "Italian in Australia",],
                      var=x)}))
ita_in_au$var <- sapply(strsplit(rownames(ita_in_au),split="\\."),function(x) x[1]) 
ita_in_au$var.full <- sapply(strsplit(rownames(ita_in_au),split="\\."),function(x) x[3]) 
ita_in_au$Context <- "Italian in Australia"
rownames(ita_in_au) <- NULL
# "German in Australia"
germ_in_au <- do.call(rbind,lapply(sets,function(x) {
  get_alpha(data=filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "German in Australia",],
                      var=x)}))

Some items were negatively correlated with the total scale and probably 
should be reversed.  
To do this, run the function again with the 'check.keys=TRUE' option

Some items ( knowledge.instru1 ) were negatively correlated with the total scale and 
probably should be reversed.  
To do this, run the function again with the 'check.keys=TRUE' option

germ_in_au$var <- sapply(strsplit(rownames(germ_in_au),split="\\."),function(x) x[1]) 
germ_in_au$var.full <- sapply(strsplit(rownames(germ_in_au),split="\\."),function(x) x[3]) 
germ_in_au$Context <- "German in Australia"
rownames(germ_in_au) <- NULL
# "English in Germany"
eng_in_germ <- do.call(rbind,lapply(sets[!(names(sets) %in% "comm.var")],function(x) {
  get_alpha(data=filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "English in Germany",],
                      var=x)}))

Some items were negatively correlated with the total scale and probably 
should be reversed.  
To do this, run the function again with the 'check.keys=TRUE' option

Some items ( people.ought1 ) were negatively correlated with the total scale and 
probably should be reversed.  
To do this, run the function again with the 'check.keys=TRUE' option

# the ones that makes issues
get_alpha(data=filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "English in Germany",],
                      var=sets$ought.var)

Some items were negatively correlated with the total scale and probably 
should be reversed.  
To do this, run the function again with the 'check.keys=TRUE' option

Some items ( people.ought1 ) were negatively correlated with the total scale and 
probably should be reversed.  
To do this, run the function again with the 'check.keys=TRUE' option

eng_in_germ$var <- sapply(strsplit(rownames(eng_in_germ),split="\\."),function(x) x[1]) 
eng_in_germ$var.full <- sapply(strsplit(rownames(eng_in_germ),split="\\."),function(x) x[3]) 
eng_in_germ$Context <- "English in Germany"
rownames(eng_in_germ) <- NULL
# "English in Italy"
eng_in_ita <- do.call(rbind,lapply(sets[!(names(sets) %in% "comm.var")],function(x) {
  get_alpha(data=filtered_conv[filtered_conv$Context == "English in Italy",],
                      var=x)}))
eng_in_ita$var <- sapply(strsplit(rownames(eng_in_ita),split="\\."),function(x) x[1]) 
eng_in_ita$var.full <- sapply(strsplit(rownames(eng_in_ita),split="\\."),function(x) x[3]) 
eng_in_ita$Context <- "English in Italy"
rownames(eng_in_ita) <- NULL
# combine
full_alpha <- rbind(eng_in_ita,eng_in_germ,germ_in_au,ita_in_au)

• Plot alpha by variable

full_alpha %>% group_by(Context,var) %>% 
  summarise(st.alpha = unique(alpha.std.alpha),
            G6=unique(alpha.G6.smc.)) %>%
  ggplot(.,aes(x=var,y=st.alpha,colour=Context)) + geom_point() + geom_line(aes(group=Context)) + theme_bw()

all_melt <- all_melt %>% separate(variable,into=c("item","type"),sep="\\.",remove=FALSE)

Too few values at 646 locations: 9368, 9369, 9370, 9371, 9372, 9373, 9374, 9375, 9376, 9377, 9378, 9379, 9380, 9381, 9382, 9383, 9384, 9385, 9386, 9387, ...

p1=ggplot(all_melt,aes(x=variable,fill=value)) + geom_bar(position = "stack") + 
  facet_grid(Context~type,scales = "free") + ggtitle("Filtered dataset")+theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1),axis.text=element_text(size=8))+theme_bw()
p2=ggplot(full_alpha,aes(x=var.full,y=drop.std.alpha,colour=Context)) + geom_point() + geom_line(aes(group=Context)) + theme_bw() + facet_wrap(~var,scales="free")
p4=ggplot(full_alpha,aes(x=var.full,y=drop.average_r,colour=Context)) + geom_point() + geom_line(aes(group=Context)) + theme_bw() + facet_wrap(~var,scales="free")
p3=full_alpha %>% group_by(Context,var) %>% 
  summarise(st.alpha = unique(alpha.std.alpha),
            G6=unique(alpha.G6.smc.)) %>%
  ggplot(.,aes(x=var,y=st.alpha,colour=Context)) + geom_point() + geom_line(aes(group=Context)) + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1),axis.text=element_text(size=8)) + theme_bw()
cowplot::plot_grid(p2,p3,nrow=2)

8 Factor Analysis with Robby’s function

8.1 Read in data

all <- read.csv(file.path("02-descriptive_data/merged_filtered_likertNumber.csv"))

8.2 Likert variables

8.3 Alpha and FA with the combined dataset

dat <- all[,likert_variables1[!(likert_variables1 %in% c("necessity1","educated1"))]]
psych::alpha(dat,use="pairwise.complete.obs")

Reliability analysis   
Call: psych::alpha(x = dat, use = "pairwise.complete.obs")

  raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N   ase mean   sd
      0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.3 0.012  3.9 0.34

 lower alpha upper     95% confidence boundaries
0.82 0.84 0.87 

 Reliability if an item is dropped:
                   raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se
converse.id1            0.84      0.85    0.90      0.16 5.8    0.013
dream.id1               0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
usewell.id1             0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.1    0.013
whenever.id1            0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 5.9    0.013
consider.ought1         0.85      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.3    0.012
people.ought1           0.84      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.2    0.013
expect.ought1           0.84      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.3    0.012
fail.ought1             0.85      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.3    0.012
enjoy.intr1             0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
life.intr1              0.83      0.85    0.91      0.16 5.8    0.013
exciting.intr1          0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
challenge.intr1         0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.1    0.013
job.instru1             0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
knowledge.instru1       0.84      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.1    0.013
career.instru1          0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
money.instru1           0.84      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.1    0.013
time.integr1            0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
becomelike.integr1      0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.1    0.013
meeting.integr1         0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
affinity.integr1        0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.1    0.013
improve.prof1           0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.1    0.013
speaking.prof1          0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
reading.prof1           0.84      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.2    0.013
written.prof1           0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
listening.prof1         0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
citizen.post1           0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
interact.post1          0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
overseas.post1          0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 5.9    0.013
globalaccess.post1      0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 5.9    0.013
reconnect.comm1         0.85      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.2    0.012
speakersmelb.comm1      0.84      0.86    0.91      0.16 6.0    0.013
comecloser.comm1        0.84      0.86    0.91      0.17 6.1    0.013

 Item statistics 
                     n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean   sd
converse.id1       323  0.59  0.61  0.60   0.56  4.3 0.76
dream.id1          323  0.49  0.51  0.48   0.43  4.5 0.65
usewell.id1        323  0.42  0.42  0.39   0.34  4.3 0.72
whenever.id1       323  0.56  0.54  0.53   0.46  4.3 0.82
consider.ought1    323  0.27  0.24  0.22   0.24  2.6 1.12
people.ought1      323  0.38  0.32  0.29   0.31  3.1 1.16
expect.ought1      322  0.29  0.25  0.23   0.26  1.9 0.92
fail.ought1        323  0.29  0.24  0.21   0.22  2.1 0.96
enjoy.intr1        323  0.42  0.45  0.44   0.36  4.5 0.64
life.intr1         322  0.63  0.60  0.59   0.54  3.3 1.04
exciting.intr1     323  0.46  0.50  0.48   0.40  4.6 0.56
challenge.intr1    323  0.38  0.41  0.37   0.31  4.2 0.79
job.instru1        322  0.49  0.47  0.45   0.39  3.8 0.83
knowledge.instru1  322  0.35  0.37  0.33   0.29  4.2 0.65
career.instru1     322  0.51  0.49  0.48   0.41  4.2 0.77
money.instru1      322  0.38  0.38  0.34   0.30  3.2 0.77
time.integr1       321  0.45  0.48  0.46   0.40  4.5 0.66
becomelike.integr1 323  0.44  0.43  0.41   0.40  3.1 0.95
meeting.integr1    322  0.44  0.47  0.45   0.40  4.6 0.57
affinity.integr1   323  0.43  0.43  0.41   0.41  3.6 0.87
improve.prof1      323  0.36  0.42  0.41   0.31  4.5 0.75
speaking.prof1     323  0.40  0.46  0.46   0.35  4.7 0.53
reading.prof1      323  0.31  0.36  0.35   0.25  4.5 0.62
written.prof1      323  0.43  0.48  0.47   0.37  4.6 0.58
listening.prof1    323  0.39  0.45  0.45   0.33  4.5 0.63
citizen.post1      322  0.48  0.45  0.42   0.37  3.8 0.89
interact.post1     322  0.46  0.46  0.44   0.37  4.4 0.62
overseas.post1     323  0.50  0.53  0.51   0.43  4.6 0.58
globalaccess.post1 322  0.51  0.53  0.51   0.42  4.3 0.67
reconnect.comm1    162  0.42  0.32  0.30   0.30  2.7 1.58
speakersmelb.comm1 162  0.50  0.49  0.47   0.46  3.8 0.81
comecloser.comm1   162  0.44  0.38  0.36   0.38  3.5 0.94

Non missing response frequency for each item
                      1    2    3    4    5 miss
converse.id1       0.00 0.03 0.10 0.41 0.47 0.00
dream.id1          0.00 0.00 0.07 0.36 0.56 0.00
usewell.id1        0.00 0.02 0.11 0.46 0.42 0.00
whenever.id1       0.00 0.03 0.12 0.37 0.47 0.00
consider.ought1    0.14 0.40 0.21 0.19 0.06 0.00
people.ought1      0.09 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.11 0.00
expect.ought1      0.39 0.44 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.00
fail.ought1        0.27 0.46 0.16 0.10 0.01 0.00
enjoy.intr1        0.00 0.01 0.06 0.40 0.54 0.00
life.intr1         0.02 0.25 0.25 0.36 0.12 0.00
exciting.intr1     0.00 0.01 0.02 0.37 0.61 0.00
challenge.intr1    0.00 0.03 0.12 0.48 0.36 0.00
job.instru1        0.00 0.04 0.32 0.41 0.23 0.00
knowledge.instru1  0.00 0.01 0.09 0.58 0.32 0.00
career.instru1     0.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.39 0.00
money.instru1      0.01 0.12 0.55 0.26 0.06 0.00
time.integr1       0.00 0.01 0.07 0.30 0.63 0.01
becomelike.integr1 0.03 0.23 0.47 0.18 0.10 0.00
meeting.integr1    0.00 0.00 0.03 0.38 0.59 0.00
affinity.integr1   0.01 0.07 0.36 0.39 0.17 0.00
improve.prof1      0.01 0.02 0.03 0.34 0.59 0.00
speaking.prof1     0.00 0.01 0.00 0.28 0.71 0.00
reading.prof1      0.00 0.02 0.02 0.38 0.59 0.00
written.prof1      0.00 0.01 0.02 0.36 0.62 0.00
listening.prof1    0.00 0.01 0.04 0.38 0.57 0.00
citizen.post1      0.01 0.07 0.23 0.46 0.23 0.00
interact.post1     0.00 0.00 0.06 0.43 0.50 0.00
overseas.post1     0.00 0.01 0.02 0.34 0.63 0.00
globalaccess.post1 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.49 0.43 0.00
reconnect.comm1    0.29 0.30 0.04 0.12 0.25 0.50
speakersmelb.comm1 0.01 0.05 0.23 0.52 0.19 0.50
comecloser.comm1   0.01 0.14 0.37 0.34 0.14 0.50

#detach("package:ggplot2", unload=TRUE)
fa_all <- function(data4,rot,minL,maxL,nfac=0,seed=5){
  
  set.seed(seed)
  
  # Save the orignal dataset
  data_orig <- data4
  
  # Define the rotations
  orth <- c("varimax", "quartimax", "bentlerT", "equamax", "varimin", "geominT" , "bifactor" )
  obl <- c("Promax", "promax", "oblimin", "simplimax", "bentlerQ", "geominQ", "biquartimin" ,"cluster")
  
  
  
  alpha2 <- function(x){
    
    alpha.1 <- function(C, R) {
      n <- dim(C)[2]
      alpha.raw <- (1 - tr(C)/sum(C)) * (n/(n - 1))
      sumR <- sum(R)
      alpha.std <- (1 - n/sumR) * (n/(n - 1))
      smc.R <- smc(R)
      G6 <- (1 - (n - sum(smc.R))/sumR)
      av.r <- (sumR - n)/(n * (n - 1))
      mod1 <- matrix(av.r, n, n)
      Res1 <- R - mod1
      GF1 = 1 - sum(Res1^2)/sum(R^2)
      Rd <- R - diag(R)
      diag(Res1) <- 0
      GF1.off <- 1 - sum(Res1^2)/sum(Rd^2)
      sn <- n * av.r/(1 - av.r)
      Q = (2 * n^2/((n - 1)^2 * (sum(C)^3))) * (sum(C) * (tr(C %*% 
                                                               C) + (tr(C))^2) - 2 * (tr(C) * sum(C %*% C)))
      result <- list(raw = alpha.raw, std = alpha.std, G6 = G6, 
                     av.r = av.r, sn = sn, Q = Q, GF1, GF1.off)
      return(result)
    }
    
    
    if (!isCorrelation(x)) {
      item.var <- apply(x, 2, sd, na.rm = T)
      bad <- which((item.var <= 0) | is.na(item.var))
      if ((length(bad) > 0) && delete) {
        for (baddy in 1:length(bad)) {
          warning("Item = ", colnames(x)[bad][baddy], " had no variance and was deleted")
        }
        x <- x[, -bad]
        nvar <- nvar - length(bad)
      }
      response.freq <- response.frequencies(x, max = 10)
      C <- cov(x, use = "pairwise")
    }
    else {
      C <- x
    }
    
    
    
    R <- cov2cor(C)
    
    alpha.total <- alpha.1(C, R)
    
    return(alpha.total)
  }
  
  
  cicl<-0
  par1<-1
  par2<-1
  par3<-1
  while(par3>0){
    
    
    # Selezione il numero di fattori consigliati
    
    cat("Calculating the number of factors needed \n")
    
    fact <- nfac
    if(nfac==0){
      fact<-fa.parallel(data4)$nfact
    }
    
    if(fact==1){
      stop("Only one factor remains. Check the data or reduce the threshold")
    }
    
    #rot<-c("none", "varimax", "quartimax", "bentlerT", "geominT" , "bifactor", "promax", "oblimin", "simplimax", "bentlerQ", "geominQ" , "biquartimin" , "cluster" )
    
    # Matrice uota che conterra le miedie degli alpha
    
    range <- length(seq(minL,maxL,0.01))
    
    
    mean.al<-matrix(0,range,length(rot))
    
    # Sottociclo per il calcolo delle medie degli alpha (sui fattori) al variare sia della soglia sia della della rotazione
    
    cat("Calculating the loadings thresholds \n")
    
    for(b in 1:length(rot)){
      cat("- Calculating the loadings thresholds for rotation",rot[b],"\n")
      fa1<-fa(data4,fact,rotate=rot[b])
      
      a<-fa1$loadings
      class(a)<-"matrix"
      colnames(a)<-paste("F",1:fact,sep="")
      a<-as.data.frame(a)
      a<-round(a,2)
      a$D<-rownames(a)
      
      ls1<-minL
      m<-rep(0,range)
      i<-1
      nv<-fact
      
      while(ls1<=maxL+0.01){
        
        var<-lapply(1:nv,function(f)unique(a$D[abs(a[,f])>ls1]))
        names(var)<-paste(colnames(a[,1:nv]))
        
        
        # Do this if there are factors with length less than 2
        if(any(as.numeric(summary(var)[,1])<2)){
          
          # If a certain threshold and rotation gives only factors composed by 1 give it alpha=0
          if(sum(as.numeric(summary(var)[,1])>1)==0){
            m[i] <- 0
          }else{
            var1<-var[as.numeric(summary(var)[,1])>1]
            al<-sapply(1:length(var1),function(v)alpha2(data4[,var1[[v]]])$std)
            al<-data.frame(al)
            #m[i]<-mean(t(al))
            m[i]<-median(t(al))
          }
          
        }
        # Do this if ALL the factors have length greater than 1
        else{
          al<-sapply(1:nv,function(v)alpha2(data4[,var[[v]]])$std)
          al<-data.frame(al)
          #m[i]<-mean(t(al))
          m[i]<-median(t(al))
        }
        
        i<-i+1
        ls1<-ls1+0.01
        #cat(ls1)
      }
      mean.al[,b]<-m
      #cat("\n")
    }
    
    # Creazione e stampa degli andamenti delle medie degli alpha
    cat("Producing the threshold plot \n")
    
    mean.al<-as.data.frame(mean.al)
    colnames(mean.al)<-rot
    mean.al$sl<-seq(minL,maxL,0.01)
    mean.al1<-melt(mean.al,id.vars="sl")
    zp<-ggplot(mean.al1,aes(x=sl,y=value,colour=variable))+geom_line()+labs(x="Soglia Loading",y="Alpha Medio",colour="Rotazione")
    
    
    # Display the plot
    print(zp)
    
    max(mean.al)
    #print(mean.al)
    
    # Selezione della rotazione e della soglia che massimizzano le medie degli alpha
    cat("Choosing the best rotation and threshold \n")
    ind<-which(mean.al==max(mean.al),arr.ind=T)
    if(class(ind)=="matrix"){
      ind<-ind[1,]
    }
    
    rota<-names(mean.al)[ind[2]]
    sogl<-mean.al$sl[ind[1]]
    
    
    # Keep the same rotation that was selected in the first run
    rot <- rota
    
    
    # Calcolo fattoriale
    
    fa1<-fa(data4,fact,rotate=rota)
    a<-fa1$loadings
    class(a)<-"matrix"
    colnames(a)<-paste("F",1:fact,sep="")
    a<-as.data.frame(a)
    a<-round(a,2)
    a$D<-rownames(a)
    
    # Creazione dei fattori
    
    var<-lapply(1:fact,function(f)unique(a$D[abs(a[,f])>sogl]))
    names(var)<-paste(colnames(a[,1:fact]))
    
    # Display the factors
    cat("Displaying the factors \n")
    print(var)
    
    # togliamo le variabili che non entrano nei fattori al secondo ciclo
    
    nc<- ncol(data4)
    par1_names <- names(data4)[!(names(data4) %in% unlist(var))]
    data4<-data4[,names(data4) %in% unlist(var)]
    
    # Aggiorniamo il parametro di ciclo
    
    par1<-nc-ncol(data4) 
    
    # togliamo le variabili che entrano in un fattore da sole (solo se non entrano in un altro fattore)
    par4 <- 0
    par4_names <- character()
    
    len_fac <- cbind(1:fact,sapply(1:fact,function(v)length(var[[v]])))
    
    if(any(len_fac[,2]==1)){
      par4_nam<- data.frame(variable=as.character(unlist(var[ c(len_fac[len_fac[,2]==1,1])  ])))
      par4_nam$variable <- as.character(par4_nam$variable)
      par4_nam$ntimes= sapply(1:nrow(par4_nam), function(v)sum(unlist(var)%in%par4_nam[v,"variable"] ) )
      # Do this only if the single variable enetrs in a variable alone
      
      if(any(par4_nam$ntimes>1) & rot%in%obl ){
        cat("- Will NOT remove variable(s)", par4_nam$variable[par4_nam$ntimes>1],"since they contribute to multiple factors","\n")
      }
      
      par4_names <- par4_nam$variable[par4_nam$ntimes==1]
      par4 <- length(par4_names)
      data4<-data4[,!names(data4) %in% par4_names]
    }
    
    
    # Togliamo le variabili che compaiono in piu fattori (se la rotazione e obliqua non effetuiamo tale operazione)
    
    if(rota%in%obl){
      par2<-0
      s <- character()
    }else{
      s<-c(as.vector(unlist(var)))
      s<-unique(s[duplicated(s)])
      par2<-length(s)
      data4<-data4[,!names(data4) %in% s]
    }
    
    
    
    
    cicl<-cicl+1
    
    # Aggiorniamo il parametro di ciclo
    
    par3<-par1+par2+par4
    
    # Stampa diagnosi ciclo
    
    cat(paste("Unused Variable:",par1),"\n")
    cat("-",paste(par1_names),"\n")
    cat(paste("Repeated variables:",par2),"\n")
    cat("-",paste(s),"\n")
    cat(paste("Single variables:",par4),"\n")
    cat("-",paste(par4_names),"\n")
    cat(paste("Rotation used:",rota),"\n")
    cat(paste("Threshold chosen:",sogl),"\n")
    cat(paste("End interation",cicl),"\n","\n")
    
  }
  
  cat(paste("Variables excluded in the process:"),names(data_orig)[!names(data_orig)%in%names(data4)],"\n")
  return(data4)
}
#
likert_variables2 <- names(dat)
data1 <- dat[,likert_variables1[!(likert_variables1 %in% c("necessity1","educated1","reconnect.comm1", "speakersmelb.comm1", "comecloser.comm1"))]]
# Plot the correlations
corrplot(cor(data1,use = "pair"))

# check which variable does not correlated with any other vaiable
r1 <- cor(data1,use = "pair")
diag(r1) <- 0
r1 <- data.frame(r1)
temp <- data.frame(name=names(r1),cor=sapply(1:ncol(r1),function(v)any(r1[,v]>=0.3))  )
as.character(temp$name[temp$cor==F])

[1] "knowledge.instru1"

# Keep just the itemes with a r.cor greater or equal to 0.3
as <- psych::alpha(data1,check.keys=F)$item.stats
as$n1<-1:nrow(as)
summary(as$r.cor)

   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
 0.1567  0.3605  0.4448  0.4220  0.4966  0.5912 

no_corr_macu <- rownames(as[abs(as$r.cor)<0.3,])
no_corr_macu

[1] "consider.ought1" "people.ought1"   "expect.ought1"   "fail.ought1"    

data1<-data1[,!names(data1)%in%no_corr_macu]
# check which items will decrease the alpha
al<- psych::alpha(data1)
drop<-al$alpha.drop
tot<-as.numeric(al$total$std.alpha)
drop <- drop[drop$std.alpha>tot,]
drop

# Check how much
drop$std.alpha-tot

numeric(0)

# They don;t drop enough so leave it
#drop_alpha_macu <- rownames(drop)
#data1<-data1[,!names(data1)%in%drop_alpha_macu]
# check how many factors should be used
fap <- fa.parallel(data1)

Parallel analysis suggests that the number of factors =  6  and the number of components =  4 

fap

Call: fa.parallel(x = data1)
Parallel analysis suggests that the number of factors =  6  and the number of components =  4 

 Eigen Values of 
  Original factors Simulated data Original components simulated data
1             5.46           0.59                6.22           1.53
2             2.26           0.46                3.08           1.44
3             0.99           0.41                1.78           1.39
4             0.54           0.36                1.36           1.34
5             0.48           0.31                1.27           1.29
6             0.28           0.26                1.02           1.24

data_macu <- data1
## Perform the anlaysis for macular thickness
#Check again the out_maculiers
out_macu <- outlier(data_macu)

#abline(h=800)
#dat_imp_pheno[out_macu>800,1:20]
#out_maculiers_macu <- dat_imp_pheno$id1[out_macu>800]
#data_macu <- data_macu[out_macu<800,]
# Run the first set of analysisi and check what is cleaned out_macu!
rot=c("oblimin","promax")
# Take off the variables that give problem
#problem_var_macu <- c( "v07_spectralis" ,"v01_cyrrus" )
#data_macu <- data_macu[,!names(data_macu)%in%problem_var_macu]
library(ggplot2)
data_macu_facleaned <- fa_all(data_macu,rot,0.2,0.5)

Calculating the number of factors needed 
Parallel analysis suggests that the number of factors =  6  and the number of components =  4 
Calculating the loadings thresholds 
- Calculating the loadings thresholds for rotation oblimin 
- Calculating the loadings thresholds for rotation promax 
Producing the threshold plot 
Choosing the best rotation and threshold 
Displaying the factors 
$F1
[1] "exciting.intr1"  "improve.prof1"   "speaking.prof1"  "reading.prof1"   "written.prof1"   "listening.prof1" "overseas.post1" 

$F2
[1] "dream.id1"      "usewell.id1"    "whenever.id1"   "job.instru1"    "career.instru1" "money.instru1" 

$F3
[1] "converse.id1"    "dream.id1"       "whenever.id1"    "enjoy.intr1"     "life.intr1"      "exciting.intr1"  "challenge.intr1"

$F4
[1] "converse.id1"       "time.integr1"       "becomelike.integr1" "meeting.integr1"    "affinity.integr1"  

$F5
[1] "knowledge.instru1"  "time.integr1"       "meeting.integr1"    "citizen.post1"      "interact.post1"     "overseas.post1"    
[7] "globalaccess.post1"

$F6
[1] "dream.id1"          "usewell.id1"        "knowledge.instru1"  "becomelike.integr1" "meeting.integr1"    "citizen.post1"     

Unused Variable: 0 
-  
Repeated variables: 0 
-  
Single variables: 0 
-  
Rotation used: oblimin 
Threshold chosen: 0.2 
End interation 1 
 
Variables excluded in the process:  

# 0 Variable do not enter the factors
not_used_fact_macu <- names(data_macu)[!names(data_macu)%in%names(data_macu_facleaned)]
not_used_fact_macu

character(0)

# Check again how many factors you need
#fa.parallel(data_macu_facleaned)
nfact_macu <- 6
# Run the actual factorial analysis on the final dataset
fa_macu<-fa(data_macu_facleaned,nfact_macu,rot="promax")
# Check whther any variable do not enter in any factor
lod <- fa_macu$loadings
class(lod) <- "matrix"
lod <- data.frame(lod)
lod$any <- apply(lod,1,function(v)any(abs(v)>=0.2) )
apply(lod[,1:nfact_macu],1,max )

      converse.id1          dream.id1        usewell.id1       whenever.id1        enjoy.intr1         life.intr1     exciting.intr1 
         0.3826382          0.2590156          0.2313494          0.3977323          0.8472356          0.7488965          0.3882375 
   challenge.intr1        job.instru1  knowledge.instru1     career.instru1      money.instru1       time.integr1 becomelike.integr1 
         0.5021346          0.8414105          0.3784907          0.7416772          0.5841567          0.6249178          0.5377667 
   meeting.integr1   affinity.integr1      improve.prof1     speaking.prof1      reading.prof1      written.prof1    listening.prof1 
         0.4884306          0.8359326          0.7215791          0.8518862          0.6982499          0.7986566          0.8615300 
     citizen.post1     interact.post1     overseas.post1 globalaccess.post1 
         0.5709503          0.3964621          0.4730101          0.8400994 

lod[lod$any==F,]

# NONE, good!
# Plot the results
a<-fa_macu$loadings
class(a)<-"matrix"
colnames(a)<-paste("F",1:nfact_macu,sep="")
a<-as.data.frame(a)
a<-round(a,2)
a$D<-rownames(a)
a1 <- a
a1$D

 [1] "converse.id1"       "dream.id1"          "usewell.id1"        "whenever.id1"       "enjoy.intr1"        "life.intr1"        
 [7] "exciting.intr1"     "challenge.intr1"    "job.instru1"        "knowledge.instru1"  "career.instru1"     "money.instru1"     
[13] "time.integr1"       "becomelike.integr1" "meeting.integr1"    "affinity.integr1"   "improve.prof1"      "speaking.prof1"    
[19] "reading.prof1"      "written.prof1"      "listening.prof1"    "citizen.post1"      "interact.post1"     "overseas.post1"    
[25] "globalaccess.post1"

a1 <- melt(a1,id.vars=c("D"))
a1$x <- runif(nrow(a1))
a1$inv <- ifelse(a1$value<0,"neg","pos")
a1$value[abs(a1$value)<0.2] <- 0
a1 <- a1[a1$value!=0,]
ggplot(a1)+geom_bar(aes(x=reorder(D, value) ,y=value),stat="identity")+facet_wrap(~variable,ncol = 2,scales = "free_y")+coord_flip()

#detach("package:ggplot2", unload=TRUE)
var<-lapply(1:nfact_macu,function(f)unique(a$D[abs(a[,f])>0.2]))
names(var)<-paste(colnames(a[,1:nfact_macu]))
al <- sapply(1:length(var),function(v) psych::alpha(data_macu_facleaned[,var[[v]]])$total$std.alpha)
al

[1] 0.8740745 0.7554425 0.7210978 0.7259133 0.7286186 0.6431506

# Alpha total
psych::alpha(data_macu_facleaned)$total$std.alpha

[1] 0.8698921

# they are ok...
psych::alpha(data_macu)$total$std.alpha

[1] 0.8698921

# Table of the factors
a$D <- NULL
a[abs(a)<0.2] <- 0
for(i in 1:ncol(a)){a[,i] <- as.character(a[,i])}
a[a=="0"] <- ""
loading_fact_macu <- a
loading_fact_macu

# Discriminant analysis: In this section i will test if the values of the variables kept in the dataframe by the factorial analysis are able to discriminate between subjects for which their total score lie in the 1st and 3rd quartile.
discr<-unique(data_macu_facleaned)
# Detrmine the total score
discr$punteggio<-rowSums(discr)
# Dividce the groups of people who lie in the 4rth and 1st quarile
hist(discr$punteggio)

quantile(discr$punteggio,na.rm = T)

  0%  25%  50%  75% 100% 
  71   99  105  112  125 

discr1<-unique(discr[discr[,ncol(discr)]<=quantile(discr[,ncol(discr)],na.rm = T)[2],])
discr2<-unique(discr[discr[,ncol(discr)]>=quantile(discr[,ncol(discr)],na.rm = T)[4],])
# Wilcox Test the values of each single variable comparing the group of pople lien in the 1st and 3rd quartile
test<-data.frame(Item=colnames(discr[,1:(ncol(discr)-1)]),p.value=rep(0,(ncol(discr)-1)))
for(i in 1:(ncol(discr)-1)){
  test[i,2]<-wilcox.test(discr1[,i],discr2[,i],alternative="two.sided")$p.value
}
test <- test[order(test$p.value),]
test

# they all discriminate!
# Calculate factors on the discarded variables
dat_disc <- dat[,no_corr_macu]
# check how many factors should be used
fap <- fa.parallel(dat_disc)

Parallel analysis suggests that the number of factors =  3  and the number of components =  1 

fap

Call: fa.parallel(x = dat_disc)
Parallel analysis suggests that the number of factors =  3  and the number of components =  1 

 Eigen Values of 
  Original factors Simulated data Original components simulated data
1             1.72           0.64                2.21           1.11
2             0.04           0.04                0.75           1.03
3             0.01           0.00                0.67           0.97

library(ggplot2)
fa_disc <- fa(dat_disc,nfactors = 1,rotate = "oblimin")
# Plot the results
a<-fa_disc$loadings
class(a)<-"matrix"
colnames(a)<-paste("F",1,sep="")
a<-as.data.frame(a)
a<-round(a,2)
a$D<-rownames(a)
a1 <- a
a1$D

[1] "consider.ought1" "people.ought1"   "expect.ought1"   "fail.ought1"    

a1 <- melt(a1,id.vars=c("D"))
a1$x <- runif(nrow(a1))
a1$inv <- ifelse(a1$value<0,"neg","pos")
a1$value[abs(a1$value)<0.2] <- 0
a1 <- a1[a1$value!=0,]
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(a1)+geom_bar(aes(x=reorder(D, value) ,y=value),stat="identity")+facet_wrap(~variable,ncol = 2,scales = "free_y")+coord_flip()

#detach("package:ggplot2", unload=TRUE)
# Predict the factors
pred <- as.data.frame(predict(fa_macu,dat[,names(data_macu_facleaned)]))
names(pred) <- paste("Factor",1:nfact_macu,sep = "")
# Predict the factor from the discarded variables
pred_disc <- as.data.frame(predict(fa_disc,dat[,names(dat_disc)]))
names(pred_disc) <- paste("Factor",7,sep = "")
factors <- c(names(pred),names(pred_disc))
dat_complete <- cbind(dat,scale(pred),scale(pred_disc))
corrplot(cor(dat_complete[,likert_variables2],dat_complete[,factors],use = "pair"))

all_complete <-  cbind(all,pred,pred_disc)
dat_plot <- melt(all_complete,id.vars = "Context",measure.vars = factors)
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(dat_plot)+geom_boxplot(aes(x=Context,y=value,color=Context))+facet_wrap(~variable)+coord_flip()+guides(color=F)

mod <- lm(Factor1~Context,data=all_complete)
summary(mod)

Call:
lm(formula = Factor1 ~ Context, data = all_complete)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-4.9578 -0.5538  0.2735  0.6166  1.6099 

Coefficients:
                            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)                  -0.6961     0.1056  -6.589 1.92e-10 ***
ContextEnglish in Italy       0.8829     0.1427   6.188 1.94e-09 ***
ContextGerman in Australia    0.8869     0.1416   6.265 1.25e-09 ***
ContextItalian in Australia   0.9217     0.1499   6.147 2.45e-09 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 0.8839 on 308 degrees of freedom
  (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
Multiple R-squared:  0.1534,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.1451 
F-statistic:  18.6 on 3 and 308 DF,  p-value: 4.09e-11

mod <- lm(Factor2~Context,data=all_complete)
summary(mod)

Call:
lm(formula = Factor2 ~ Context, data = all_complete)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-2.6404 -0.5853  0.0880  0.7025  1.7380 

Coefficients:
                            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
(Intercept)                  0.03317    0.10675   0.311   0.7563  
ContextEnglish in Italy      0.32307    0.14416   2.241   0.0257 *
ContextGerman in Australia  -0.30422    0.14304  -2.127   0.0342 *
ContextItalian in Australia -0.21141    0.15152  -1.395   0.1639  
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 0.8932 on 308 degrees of freedom
  (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
Multiple R-squared:  0.07346,   Adjusted R-squared:  0.06444 
F-statistic:  8.14 on 3 and 308 DF,  p-value: 3.117e-05

summary(lm(Factor4~Context,data=all_complete))

Call:
lm(formula = Factor4 ~ Context, data = all_complete)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-2.80064 -0.59875 -0.02605  0.61727  2.21437 

Coefficients:
                            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)                   0.2285     0.1003   2.279  0.02336 *  
ContextEnglish in Italy       0.2167     0.1354   1.601  0.11050    
ContextGerman in Australia   -0.4162     0.1343  -3.098  0.00213 ** 
ContextItalian in Australia  -0.7433     0.1423  -5.224 3.24e-07 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 0.8389 on 308 degrees of freedom
  (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
Multiple R-squared:  0.1619,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.1538 
F-statistic: 19.84 on 3 and 308 DF,  p-value: 8.779e-12

summary(lm(Factor6~Context,data=all_complete))

Call:
lm(formula = Factor6 ~ Context, data = all_complete)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-2.26895 -0.46599  0.03875  0.47116  2.18726 

Coefficients:
                            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)                 -0.40389    0.08773  -4.604 6.07e-06 ***
ContextEnglish in Italy      0.60408    0.11846   5.099 5.97e-07 ***
ContextGerman in Australia   0.41089    0.11755   3.496 0.000543 ***
ContextItalian in Australia  0.53121    0.12451   4.266 2.65e-05 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 0.734 on 308 degrees of freedom
  (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
Multiple R-squared:  0.08763,   Adjusted R-squared:  0.07875 
F-statistic: 9.861 on 3 and 308 DF,  p-value: 3.152e-06

summary(lm(Factor7~Context,data=all_complete))

Call:
lm(formula = Factor7 ~ Context, data = all_complete)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.48337 -0.66683 -0.07418  0.40868  3.15422 

Coefficients:
                            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)                  -0.3771     0.1071  -3.521 0.000493 ***
ContextEnglish in Italy       0.4020     0.1425   2.822 0.005080 ** 
ContextGerman in Australia    0.4207     0.1439   2.924 0.003708 ** 
ContextItalian in Australia   0.6509     0.1494   4.356 1.79e-05 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 0.8962 on 318 degrees of freedom
  (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
Multiple R-squared:  0.05799,   Adjusted R-squared:  0.0491 
F-statistic: 6.525 on 3 and 318 DF,  p-value: 0.0002699

8.4 Basic factor analysis: 7 factors

Seven, is the number of factors that would be present according to the study design. Using very relaxed cutoff of 0.2 to get rid of not important variables in each factor.

8.5 Basic factor analysis: 6 factors

Using very relaxed cutoff of 0.2 to get rid of not important variables in each factor.

a1 <- a1 %>% separate(D,into = c("Variable","Item"),remove=FALSE,sep=".")

Too many values at 44 locations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ...